Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is a flowering plant native to the rainforests of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Known locally as "Malaysian ginseng," it has been used in Southeast Asian traditional medicine for centuries — and now a growing body of clinical evidence explains why. In a 2013 randomised controlled trial of 63 moderately stressed adults, 200mg/day of standardised Tongkat Ali extract was associated with a 16% reduction in cortisol and a 37% change in total testosterone over four weeks (Talbott et al., JISSN, 2013). These are research findings about the doses studied; they cannot be transferred to Blue Power as label claims — Blue Power's Tongkat Ali dose is 50 mg.
A 2022 meta-analysis of five RCTs then confirmed the trend: across study populations, Tongkat Ali was associated with a statistically significant difference in total testosterone (SMD 1.352, 95% CI 0.565–2.138, p=0.001) in both healthy and hypogonadal men (Leisegang et al., Medicina, 2022). For UK men over 40 dealing with stress, declining energy, and the gradual hormonal shift that comes with age, Tongkat Ali is one of the most evidence-supported herbal options available — and this guide covers everything you need to know before trying it.
- Research finding, not a label claim: a 2022 meta-analysis of 5 RCTs found a statistically significant difference in total testosterone associated with Tongkat Ali (SMD 1.352, p=0.001). The trial doses (200–400 mg) are well above Blue Power’s 50 mg, so this cannot be transferred to Blue Power as a claim.
- Doses studied, not Blue Power’s dose: in stressed adults, cortisol fell by 16% and total testosterone differed by 37% from baseline in 4 weeks at 200 mg/day (Talbott 2013) — not transferable to Blue Power’s 50 mg dose.
- A 12-week RCT in men aged 50–70 with low testosterone found 200mg/day significantly improved testosterone, muscle strength, and cortisol (Chinnappan 2021)
- Key active compound: eurycomanone — look for extracts standardised to 1–1.5% eurycomanone (Malaysian Standard MS 2409:2011)
- Benefits appear strongest in men with low or borderline testosterone and high stress — exactly the profile of most men over 40
- Legal in the UK as a food supplement. Clinical doses: 200–400mg/day of standardised hot-water root extract
What Is Tongkat Ali and How Does It Work?
Tongkat Ali (literally "Ali's walking stick" in Malay) is a slow-growing understory tree of the Simaroubaceae family. It reaches up to 15 metres tall but grows painfully slowly — a mature tree can take 10–15 years to develop. The medicinal part is the root, which is extraordinarily bitter (locals call it "bitter root") and rich in a class of compounds called quassinoids.
The primary bioactive compound is eurycomanone, a quassinoid that accounts for most of Tongkat Ali's studied effects on testosterone, cortisol, and male reproductive function. In laboratory and animal studies, eurycomanone has been investigated for effects on aromatase activity (the enzyme that converts testosterone to oestrogen), Leydig cell function in the testes, and the cortisol-testosterone ratio via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis — though the mechanisms underlying the clinical findings in humans remain under investigation.
The second important compound class is glycosaponins, which have been studied in connection with adaptogenic (stress-modulating) properties. Unlike stimulants, Tongkat Ali is not associated with an artificial energy spike; in the trials reviewed, changes in testosterone were reported mainly in men with low or suppressed baseline levels rather than in men with already-healthy levels. These are research findings about the doses studied and cannot be transferred to Blue Power as label claims.
The Malaysian Standard MS 2409:2011 sets quality benchmarks for Tongkat Ali products: eurycomanone 0.80–1.50% by weight, total polysaccharides >30%, total protein >20%, total glycosaponin >40%. Most clinical trials used Physta®, a patented hot-water root extract manufactured by Biotropics Malaysia that meets this standard. When buying in the UK, look for a product that specifies eurycomanone content — if the label just says "Tongkat Ali extract" without a standardisation percentage, you can't compare it to the clinical evidence.
A 2014 review in Andrologia characterised the pattern seen across trials: the observed changes in serum testosterone appeared in men with suppressed or low baseline levels rather than in men with already-optimal hormone status — and at therapeutic concentrations, no significant toxicity was reported (George & Henkel, Andrologia, 2014). This pattern — effects strongest where baseline levels are lowest — is consistent across the available trial data and explains why positive results cluster in stressed or hypogonadal populations.
What Are the Science-Backed Benefits of Tongkat Ali for Men?
1. Testosterone Support Strongest Evidence
The most robust evidence comes from a 2022 meta-analysis pooling five randomised controlled trials. Across studies, Tongkat Ali produced a statistically significant increase in total testosterone with a standardised mean difference of 1.352 (95% CI 0.565–2.138, p=0.001). The effect was significant in both healthy volunteers and men with clinically low testosterone (Leisegang et al., Medicina, 2022).
The most detailed dose-response data comes from a 2021 double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT of 105 men aged 50–70 with testosterone below 300ng/dL. Men receiving 200mg/day of Physta showed significant testosterone increases at weeks 4, 8, and 12 (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively), while the 100mg group only reached significance at week 12. DHEA also increased significantly from week 2, and cortisol decreased (Chinnappan et al., Food & Nutrition Research, 2021).
Editorial note — what this means in context: The meta-analysis result (SMD 1.352, p=0.001) is statistically robust, but the clinical picture is more nuanced than a simple hormone-level story. The strongest effects appear in men with low baseline testosterone or elevated cortisol — precisely the profile of stressed men over 40. For men with already-healthy hormone levels, the 2024 null result in trained athletes is exactly what we'd expect.
— Blue Power Research Team, reviewing Leisegang et al. (2022)Study Funding Transparency
Understanding who funded each study helps weigh the evidence properly. Most Tongkat Ali clinical trials used Physta, a patented extract manufactured by Biotropics Malaysia:
| Study | Sample | Funding / Extract | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Talbott 2013 (cortisol/T) | n=63, stressed adults | Biotropics Malaysia (Physta) | Industry |
| Chinnappan 2021 (hypogonadal) | n=105, men 50–70 | Biotropics Malaysia (Physta) | Industry |
| Ismail 2012 (sexual function) | n=109, men 30–55 | Biotropics Malaysia (Physta) | Industry |
| Tambi 2010 (fertility)* | n=75, infertile men | Not declared / hospital-led | Independent |
| Applied Sciences 2024 (null result) | n=33, trained athletes | University research | Independent |
| Leisegang 2022 (meta-analysis) | 5 RCTs pooled | Academic review, no declared funding | Independent |
*Open-label study without placebo control.
Most positive RCTs were funded by the manufacturer of Physta extract. The independently funded meta-analysis (Leisegang 2022) pooled these studies and confirmed the testosterone effect — which adds some weight. The independently funded 2024 study that found no effect in trained athletes is arguably the most valuable data point: it is consistent with a pattern in which the observed changes in testosterone arise in men with suppressed or low baseline levels, not in men with already-healthy hormone status.
2. Cortisol & Stress Reduction Strong Evidence
The cortisol-testosterone relationship is central to understanding why Tongkat Ali helps certain men more than others. Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which directly suppresses testosterone production via the HPA axis. In Talbott's 2013 RCT of 63 moderately stressed adults, 200mg/day of Tongkat Ali for 4 weeks was associated with a 16% reduction in cortisol and a 37% change in total testosterone from baseline. The same study measured mood states: tension dropped 11%, anger 12%, and confusion 15% (all p<0.05) (Talbott et al., JISSN, 2013).
The 2021 Chinnappan RCT independently confirmed the cortisol finding: the 200mg/day group showed significantly decreased cortisol levels (p<0.01) alongside a statistically significant change in total testosterone. Both the 2013 Talbott study and the 2021 Chinnappan RCT enrolled populations with elevated cortisol or low baseline testosterone — the groups in which both changes were observed simultaneously (Chinnappan et al., 2021).
3. Male Fertility & Sperm Quality
In an open-label study of 75 infertile men (no placebo control), 200mg/day of Tongkat Ali for up to 9 months produced significant improvements across all semen parameters: volume, concentration, motility, and morphology. Most remarkably, 14.7% of couples achieved spontaneous pregnancy (11 out of 75) during the treatment period (Tambi et al., Asian Journal of Andrology, 2010). Note: as an open-label study without a placebo arm, these results are suggestive rather than definitive.
A separate 12-week RCT in 109 men aged 30–55 found that 300mg/day Physta improved sperm motility by 44.4% and semen volume by 18.2% (Ismail et al., Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012). For men considering both fertility and general wellbeing — see our men’s fertility supplements evidence guide — these results put Tongkat Ali among the more evidence-backed herbal options — though larger, placebo-controlled trials would strengthen the case.
4. Sexual Function & Wellbeing
The Ismail 2012 RCT also measured sexual function using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF): erectile function domain scores improved significantly (p<0.001), and self-reported sexual desire increased by 14% by week 12. A 2015 meta-analysis of two RCTs found that while the overall erectile function effect was modest (WMD 0.91), men with lower baseline IIEF scores — i.e., those with more significant erectile difficulties — showed a statistically significant benefit (WMD 2.15, 95% CI 1.03–3.27) (Kotirum et al., Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2015).
A 6-month RCT in 45 men with androgen deficiency of ageing (mean age 47) found that 200mg/day Tongkat Ali alongside concurrent exercise training was associated with a greater change in erectile-function scores and total testosterone than exercise alone (Leitao et al., Maturitas, 2021). These are research findings about the 200mg dose studied and cannot be transferred to Blue Power as label claims; Blue Power's Tongkat Ali dose is 50mg.
5. Muscle Strength & Physical Performance
In the Chinnappan 2021 RCT, the 200mg/day group showed significantly increased muscle strength at week 12 (p<0.001) compared to both placebo and the 100mg group. The Henkel 2014 pilot study in physically active seniors aged 57–72 found that 400mg/day for 5 weeks increased total and free testosterone alongside measurable improvements in muscular force (Henkel et al., Phytotherapy Research, 2014).
The caveat: the 2024 study in already-trained athletes found no effect on strength or body composition at 400mg/day over 4 weeks. The pattern is consistent — Tongkat Ali appears to improve physical performance in men whose testosterone is suboptimal, not in well-trained individuals with healthy hormone levels.
6. Body Composition
The Ismail 2012 study found that men with BMI ≥25 taking 300mg/day Tongkat Ali had significant fat mass reduction (p=0.008) compared to the placebo group. This wasn't a dramatic fat-loss effect — it's better understood as the downstream consequence of an improved testosterone-to-cortisol ratio: less cortisol-driven abdominal fat storage, better lean mass preservation. For men over 40 carrying extra weight around the middle, this is a meaningful secondary finding from the trial data.
How Much Tongkat Ali Should You Take? Clinical Trial Dosages
| Study | Dose | Duration | Population | Key Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Talbott 2013 | 200mg/day | 4 weeks | Stressed adults (n=63) | Cortisol −16%, testosterone +37% |
| Chinnappan 2021 | 200mg/day Best Evidence | 12 weeks | Hypogonadal men 50–70 (n=105) | T increase p<0.001 at 12wk, strength p<0.001 |
| Ismail 2012 | 300mg/day | 12 weeks | Men 30–55 (n=109) | IIEF p<0.001, sperm motility +44.4% |
| Tambi 2010* | 200mg/day | Up to 9 months | Infertile men (n=75) | 14.7% pregnancy rate, all semen params improved |
| Henkel 2014 | 400mg/day | 5 weeks | Active seniors 57–72 (n=25) | T increase + muscular force increase |
| Leitao 2021 | 200mg/day | 6 months | Men with ADAM, ~47yr (n=45) | Erectile function + T improved with exercise |
*Open-label study (no placebo control). All other studies listed are double-blind, placebo-controlled RCTs.
The clinical evidence points to 200mg/day as the most consistently effective dose for testosterone and cortisol improvement, with effects appearing as early as 4 weeks and building through 12 weeks. Higher doses (300–400mg) have been used safely, but the 2021 Chinnappan RCT explicitly showed that 200mg outperformed 100mg — suggesting a dose-response relationship up to 200mg, with diminishing returns above that for most men.
For men taking Tongkat Ali as part of a multi-ingredient formula, a dose of 50mg contributes eurycomanone as one component alongside other ingredients such as shilajit, zinc, and L-arginine. In this context, it works as one part of a broader daily supplement rather than a standalone high-dose intervention.
Is Tongkat Ali Safe? Side Effects & the EFSA Question
Across all published RCTs — from the 4-week Talbott study to the 9-month Tambi fertility trial — no serious adverse events were reported at doses of 100–400mg/day of standardised extract. Minor side effects in some studies included mild restlessness, insomnia (particularly with evening dosing), and occasional digestive discomfort. The 2014 George & Henkel review concluded that at therapeutic concentrations, Tongkat Ali shows no significant toxicity (Andrologia, 2014).
The EFSA Novel Food Assessment
In December 2021, EFSA's NDA Panel assessed Tongkat Ali as a novel food and concluded that safety "has not been established" (EFSA Journal 19(12):6937, 2021). This sounds alarming, but the context matters: the genotoxicity concerns arose from chromosome aberration and comet assays in rats at 2,000mg/kg body weight — the human equivalent of roughly 140,000mg for a 70kg man. Clinical trials use 200–400mg. The Panel also noted that a 12-month toxicity study at lower doses showed no issues.
- Men on blood pressure medication: Tongkat Ali may have mild blood pressure effects
- Anticoagulant therapy (warfarin, aspirin): Limited data on interactions
- Diabetes medication: May affect blood glucose regulation
- Hormone-sensitive conditions: Given its testosterone-modulating effects
- Liver conditions: LiverTox classifies it as a "possible rare cause" of liver injury based on a single case report (NCBI LiverTox)
- Under 18s and pregnant/breastfeeding women: Not studied in these groups
The practical situation in the UK: Tongkat Ali is legal to buy and sell as a food supplement. It was classified as a novel food under EU/UK regulations (no history of food use in Europe pre-1997). An application for formal novel food authorisation was submitted to the UK FSA in 2016 by Biotropics Malaysia. While EFSA's safety opinion was unfavourable, no blanket ban has been issued by the MHRA. Products are widely available from UK retailers.
One point worth being transparent about: the EFSA concern isn't nothing. It means the formal regulatory pathway for EU/UK novel food authorisation is stalled. However, the doses that raised concern in rats are roughly 350–700 times higher than what humans take. Multiple human clinical trials at 200–400mg/day — including one lasting 9 months — reported no liver, kidney, or haematological abnormalities. The safety profile at clinical doses appears reassuring, but if you have existing liver concerns, speak to your GP.
Editorial note — safety in context: The EFSA opinion is worth reading in full rather than reacting to the headline. The genotoxicity signal came from chromosome aberration assays at 2,000mg/kg in rats — that's the human equivalent of swallowing an entire bottle of supplements in one sitting. At the 200–400mg/day doses used in clinical trials, the safety data across multiple studies lasting up to 9 months is consistent and reassuring. That said, men with pre-existing liver conditions should err on the side of caution and consult their GP.
— Blue Power Research Team, reviewing the EFSA 2021 safety assessmentHow Do You Choose Quality Tongkat Ali in the UK?
The surge in popularity — driven partly by podcast recommendations and social media — has flooded the UK market with products of wildly varying quality. Here's what separates a well-standardised, GMP-certified Tongkat Ali product from marketing noise:
- Eurycomanone standardisation: Look for at least 1% eurycomanone by weight. The Malaysian Standard MS 2409:2011 specifies 0.80–1.50%. Products claiming "100:1 extract" or "200:1 concentration" without specifying eurycomanone content are using meaningless ratios — a 200:1 extract tells you nothing about the actual bioactive content.
- Extraction method: Clinical trials used hot-water extraction (aqueous extraction). Alcohol-based or chemical extractions may concentrate different compounds. If the product doesn't specify extraction method, ask.
- Third-party testing: Heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury), microbial contamination, and identity testing. A Certificate of Analysis (CoA) should be available on request.
- GMP certification: UK or EU Good Manufacturing Practice standards ensure consistent production quality.
- Dose transparency: Avoid proprietary blends that hide individual ingredient amounts. You should know exactly how many milligrams of Tongkat Ali you're getting per serving.
Tongkat Ali vs Other Herbal Supplements for Men: How Does It Compare?
Among the four most-studied herbal supplements in this category, Tongkat Ali has a unique advantage: a 2022 meta-analysis pooling multiple RCTs. Fenugreek has the most total trials, but animal studies have raised safety red flags (testicular degeneration in rodents). Ashwagandha has strong evidence for stress reduction (similar to Tongkat Ali's cortisol-lowering effects) but fewer testosterone-specific RCTs. Shilajit showed a striking hormonal change in one RCT, but with only 1–2 human trials, its evidence base is still thin.
The compounds aren't mutually exclusive. Tongkat Ali and shilajit have been studied through different proposed mechanisms (Tongkat Ali via cortisol modulation and Leydig cell support; shilajit via fulvic acid mineral transport and mitochondrial function). They are frequently included together in multi-ingredient formulations.
Blue Power Contains 50mg Tongkat Ali — Here's Why the Formula Matters
Blue Power Ingredient Spotlight: Tongkat Ali 50mg
Blue Power contains 50mg Tongkat Ali alongside seven other ingredients in one daily tablet — GMP certified, UK manufactured, with fully transparent dosing (no proprietary blends).
The formula includes:
- Tongkat Ali 50mg and shilajit 50mg — two traditional men's botanicals included in the formula
- Zinc 10mg — an essential mineral included in the formula
- L-Arginine 50mg — included for blood flow support
- Korean Ginseng 5:1 100mg — an adaptogen included for cognitive clarity and physical endurance support
Full formula: Tongkat Ali 50mg · Shilajit 50mg · Maca Root 50mg · Korean Ginseng 5:1 100mg · L-Arginine 50mg · Zinc 10mg · Horny Goat Weed 25mg · Vitamin C 80mg
For men who want Tongkat Ali as part of a broader daily wellbeing routine, a complete formula eliminates the need to research, buy, and dose multiple separate supplements.
Try Blue Power — Contains Tongkat Ali 50mg
One daily tablet. 8 science-backed ingredients. GMP certified, UK made, fully transparent dosing.
Get Blue Power — Free UK DeliveryNo subscription required · 30-day supply · Free standard UK delivery
Frequently Asked Questions About Tongkat Ali UK
What is Tongkat Ali and what does it do for men?
Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asian rainforests, traditionally used in Malaysian and Indonesian medicine. Its primary areas of clinical research are cortisol reduction and general wellbeing. In a 2013 RCT (Talbott et al., JISSN, n=63, 200 mg/day, 4 weeks), changes were reported in the cortisol-to-testosterone ratio in moderately stressed adults (PubMed 23705671). A 2022 meta-analysis of 5 RCTs confirmed a statistically significant difference in total testosterone (SMD 1.352, p=0.001). These are research findings about the doses studied; they cannot be transferred to Blue Power as label claims — Blue Power's Tongkat Ali dose is 50 mg.
Is Tongkat Ali legal in the UK?
Yes. Tongkat Ali is legal to buy and sell in the UK as a food supplement. It is classified as a novel food under EU/UK regulations. An application for formal novel food authorisation was submitted to the UK FSA in 2016. EFSA's 2021 safety assessment raised concerns at extremely high doses in rats, but no blanket ban has been issued by the MHRA. Products are widely available from UK retailers and for personal import.
How much Tongkat Ali should men take per day?
Clinical trials used 100–400mg/day of standardised hot-water root extract. The most commonly effective dose is 200mg/day, used in the cortisol/testosterone study (Talbott 2013) and the hypogonadal men study (Chinnappan 2021). A 2021 RCT explicitly showed that 200mg/day outperformed 100mg/day for testosterone improvement over 12 weeks. Take it in the morning with food.
What does the clinical evidence say about Tongkat Ali and testosterone?
A 2022 meta-analysis of 5 RCTs found a statistically significant difference in total testosterone associated with Tongkat Ali supplementation (SMD 1.352, p=0.001), with effects observed in both healthy and hypogonadal men. However, a 2024 study in exercise-trained men found no significant effect — consistent with the pattern across trials that positive results cluster in men with low or suppressed baseline testosterone, not in already-healthy trained individuals. These are research findings about the doses studied; they cannot be transferred to Blue Power as label claims.
What is eurycomanone and why does it matter?
Eurycomanone is the primary bioactive quassinoid compound in Tongkat Ali root; in laboratory and animal studies it has been investigated as the compound behind most of Tongkat Ali's studied effects. The Malaysian Standard MS 2409:2011 specifies 0.80–1.50% eurycomanone for quality extracts. When buying Tongkat Ali in the UK, look for products standardised to at least 1% eurycomanone. Ignore extract ratios like "100:1" — they don't tell you the actual bioactive content.
Are there any side effects of Tongkat Ali?
At clinical doses (100–400mg/day), Tongkat Ali has a good safety profile across trials lasting 4 weeks to 9 months. Minor side effects can include restlessness, insomnia (if taken late in the day), and mild digestive discomfort. EFSA flagged genotoxicity concerns at extremely high rat doses (2000mg/kg), but human clinical trials at standard doses reported no serious adverse events. Men on blood pressure medication, anticoagulants, or diabetes drugs should consult their GP before use.
The Bottom Line: Is Tongkat Ali Worth It for UK Men Over 40?
Tongkat Ali stands out in the natural testosterone space for one reason: it has a meta-analysis. That puts it ahead of most herbal supplements where the evidence is limited to isolated, often small, trials. The 2022 meta-analysis of 5 RCTs confirms a statistically significant effect on total testosterone. The cortisol data from Talbott 2013 adds a second layer — this isn't just about testosterone, it's about fixing the cortisol-testosterone imbalance that stress, poor sleep, and ageing create.
The nuance matters: if you're a well-trained athlete with optimal testosterone levels, the evidence suggests Tongkat Ali won't do much for you. But if you're a man over 40 dealing with work stress, declining energy, and the gradual hormonal shift that comes with age — exactly the profile of its target demographic — the clinical evidence is encouraging.
Quality is everything. Standardised hot-water root extract with verified eurycomanone content, not "100:1" marketing ratios. For men who want Tongkat Ali as part of a daily supplement that includes other ingredients, look for full-dose transparency and third-party testing.
On one common co-ingredient: Zinc contributes to the maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood.
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References & Sources (expand)
- Talbott SM et al. (2013). Effect of Tongkat Ali on stress hormones and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 10(1):28. PubMed 23705671
- Leisegang K et al. (2022). Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) Improves Serum Total Testosterone in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Medicina 58(8):1047. PubMed 36013514
- Chinnappan SM et al. (2021). Efficacy of Physta water extract on testosterone and physical performance in elderly men with testosterone deficiency. Food & Nutrition Research 65:5647. PubMed 34262417
- Ismail SB et al. (2012). Randomized Clinical Trial on the Use of PHYSTA for the Improvement of Quality of Life and Sexual Well-Being in Men. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012:429268. PubMed 23243445
- Tambi MIBM et al. (2010). Standardised water-soluble extract of Eurycoma longifolia for managing men with late-onset hypogonadism. Asian Journal of Andrology 12(3):376-80. PubMed 20348942
- Leitao AE et al. (2021). A 6-month randomized controlled trial comparing Eurycoma longifolia combined with concurrent training versus concurrent training alone. Maturitas 145:78-85. PubMed 33541567
- Henkel RR et al. (2014). Tongkat Ali as a potential herbal supplement for physically active male and female seniors. Phytotherapy Research. PubMed 23754792
- George A & Henkel R (2014). Phytoandrogenic properties of Eurycoma longifolia. Andrologia 46(7):708-21. PubMed 24386995
- Kotirum S et al. (2015). Efficacy of Tongkat Ali on erectile function improvement: systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 23(5). PubMed 26365449
- EFSA NDA Panel (2021). Safety of an aqueous extract from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia as a novel food. EFSA Journal 19(12):6937. PubMed 34987621
- LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury — Tongkat Ali. NCBI LiverTox NBK609015
- Applied Sciences (2024). Effect of Tongkat Ali on free testosterone, body composition and strength in trained men and women. 14(11):4372. MDPI
- Martin LJ et al. (2021). The Effect of Herbal Supplements on Clinical Testosterone Concentrations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 13(5). PMC8166567
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